Game Design – Page 5 – Verbal Spewage

Anatomy of Game Design: Cheating Death and Avoiding Injury

Call them what you will: resistance rolls, saving throws, defenses, or what-have-you; they’re all the same. This is the mechanic that games use to prevent the impartial nature of probability mechanics from killing characters through sheer dumb luck. After all, a roleplaying game is not reality. Happenstance is a great tool to keep the rules fair, but not when it would chill the fun. This is what these rules are designed to curb.

Let’s face it, random character death is annoying as can be. Players are likely to be much more upset if there is no meaning to a fatality in the ranks. The attachment is greater the more experienced the character is and the longer it is played. This is why games have a built-in system to stave off oblivion. It isn’t just a technique for writers, after all. Saving throws are an RPG’s safety net to protect it from its own math.

One of the salient features of roleplaying games is the storytelling element. The gamemaster describes a situation and the players respond. This call-and-response mechanism is the core of the interactive nature of the tale woven by a group of players. The math behind the dice rolls is meant to provide an impartial judge so that arguments about who can do what are kept to a minimum. But it is this same randomness and impartiality that can lead to character death in an otherwise nonlethal situation.

So, what the resistance roll allows is a way to temper the probability which could kill characters undramatically. But that isn’t the sole reason for including them in a game. They also fill a dramatic roll in a game’s rules. Granted it is still a way to skew the math in the favor of the player characters, but there are times when players place their characters in harm’s way. Often these instances are climaxes in adventures. The heightened drama is rooted in how close to death heroes can get without crossing that threshold.

Regardless of whether story or probability motivates their inclusion, saving throws keep characters alive. And in systems where the chances of success improve as the character gains ever higher levels of experience, the level of danger such individuals can face becomes more intense. There is also the added benefit that the character won’t fall victim to a bad roll or two. If you consider how much time and energy gets invested in high level characters, it makes more sense why the math works this way without recourse to the dramatic story elements of this form of gaming.

What’s to be taken from the above? Chiefly that the safety net against probability’s cruel impartiality is also designed as a dramatic tool. As such, systems can be used to mitigate probability from hijacking the story and hence lessening your fun.

Anatomy of Game Design: Adjustments and Derived Values

Anatomy of Game Design: Changing Values

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Anatomy of Game Design: Adjustments and Derived Values

As far as measurements go, ability/attribute scores are pretty abstract. They’re a great tool for comparing creatures and characters, but that is it. Something is missing if a game leaves it at that. While some systems will use dice pools for a measurement, they will still not fully explain how the numbers work. What it comes down to is this: it is one thing to have a quantitative measure of a character’s ability to interact with the world and another to provide a definition of what that truly means. This is where derived values and modifiers come into play.

Regardless of your familiarity with roleplaying games, it helps for everyone to have the same definitions with which we can work without too much confusion. To start, we must borrow from computer programming terminology. In a program there are two types of variables: global and local. Global values are applied to different routines as needed to keep various functions synchronized with user input, data flow, etc. These values do not change globally unless mandated to do so. The same happens in RPGs, but less often and will be discussed elsewhere. Local variables are more specific as they apply to a specific routine and are internal to it and do not affect anything else.

In the language of the roleplaying game community, global variables are termed “adjustments” and local variables as “derived values/stats.” Both categories function in much the same way. The difference between the two types is often expressed in mathematical terms unique to the value in question. Adjustments are often static for all ability/attribute scores in the game. This allows the core mechanic to work with all of them using the same formulae and language. Hence the global nature of these numbers. The adjustment scores also get applied to skills, attacks, health, and so on. Derived values are calculated for specific purposes such as how much weight one can lift, how well armored one is, the ease at which magic can be learned, etc. These do not affect the core mechanic as much as they do subsystems in a game.

So why do games require these secondary stats? In truth, games can only simulate so much through their core mechanics. The rest has to be handled by subsystems, some of which are used in conjunction with the core mechanic. What is really being provided is a method (or series therein) for describing exactly how a character’s ability/attribute scores translate from abstract measures to how he interacts with the world and vice versa. In effect, these values are more important than the stats they are derived from because of their tangibility. There are fewer instance in which an attribute/ability score is used other than as a generic, catch-all, or raw ability. Such uses boil down to a roll with the stat as the threshold against which success is determined.

A question that may come up in the design process is how many derived values does a game need. There is no simple answer to their inquiry. The complexity of the system should suggest the number needed. The more present, the more subsystems or calculations necessary to define character interactions. Too few and the game may fail to address fundamental situations, leading to player dissatisfaction or arguments impeding play. It is a fine line a designer has to walk in order to simulate reality without ruining the entertainment the system is meant to facilitate. What is important is that a player is armed with enough information to determine what his character can or cannot do. Anything unique that comes up and players will be smart enough to improvise.

Anatomy of Game Design: Attributes/Ability Scores

Anatomy of Game Design: Cheating Death and Avoiding Injury

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Anatomy of Game Design: Attributes/Ability Scores

The heart of any RPG is its ability/attribute score system. This reflects the ways in which the characters interact within the fictional world. In effect, it is the physics of the world as experienced by an individual. Thus, the refinement of the mechanics must always be based on the categories that represent the basic capacities. In these styles of games, this is, at minimum, a score for physical aptitude and one for mental faculties.

A two-stat system is simple and possibly quite malleable, but probably not deep enough to simulate anything but film. This is not to say that cinematic action isn’t enjoyable, only that it is limited in scope and the value of diminishing returns. To prevent this requires a third stat to measure the character’s strength of will or spirit. This creates the illusion of the so-called three-dimensional character so highly prized in the literary arts. Or, for the modern reader of novels, the minimum elements for believability in the “reality” of a character’s ability to leap off the page. Games of this type are more robust, but run the risk of straining options and limitations placed upon the game as inherent in a genre.

To combat these issues and provide a multiplicity of genres and accommodations for play styles, a greater number of attributes are needed, which both increases the game’s complexity and the number of dimensions of interaction between the character and the world. The single limiting factor that prevents the system from collapsing under its own weight is the reliance of a core mechanic that not only serves as the glue and underpinnings of the game, but doubles as the simplifying device that prevents potential players from abandoning the game before having given the game a chance to reveal its possibilities.

Any system employing multiple categories for attributes must maintain as close as possible an equal number of physical and mental stats. The reason for this is to preserve a balance of actions between the two prominent plot types common to dramatic forms: plots of the mind and plots of the body. Why is this the case? Because one of the primary sources for these games is literature, to include the works of playwrights. The format of the game is rooted in oral storytelling techniques, but everything else defaults to the technology of writing.

Like film, the RPG must borrow from the novel to create characters that serve as more than images if a story is privileged above the act of moving pictures. Stage techniques are mainly useful for the gamemaster to create the game world, thus it doesn’t readily aid in seeing how multiple attributes expand the game’s interfaces. That is if one is unwilling or unable to discern how an actor’s performance is infused with a different skill set that dictates the strengths and dimensions of the character portrayed when compared to another actor. This isn’t just a different set of stats in an RPG, but rather potentially an entirely new set of attributes. Reaching? Maybe, but inspiration for how many points of entry/interface between players and the world of their characters nonetheless.

These are the considerations one must make when defining what the game can handle while setting the complexity level of the simulation. The dividing line between nuance and simplicity of storytelling and character design, not game mechanics, lies in the number and type of attributes. The core mechanic remains untouched, it is the design of character creation that colors the view of the system’s complexity. The fewer the number of rules governing how to generate a character, the easier the entry into the hobby, but it comes at the cost of exactness in how and when the rules are applied. In the parlance of the literary community: do you prefer plot or character? For the gamer: few stats or many? This determines the core audience of the game.

Anatomy of Game Design: Adjustments and Derived Values

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